Alvarez & Marsal Case Interview Infrastructure and Capital Projects Analyst

Pricing plays a crucial role in a company's profitability as it directly contributes to it. For this reason, establishing optimal prices for products or services is of great importance. Business consultants therefore assist their clients in developing pricing strategies.A case study on pricing is an analysis focusing on the pricing of a product or service. It can stand alone or be part of a broader case, such as entering a new market.In a case interview, you can approach this case type in three steps:1. Investigate The CompanyAt the outset of your case, you should gain a solid understanding of your client's business model.What products does the company sell and where does the company stand in the market? For instance, is the company a market leader? In terms of volume or quality or both?What is the company’s key objective? Profits? Market share? Growth? Brand positioning? Make sure to clarify the objective before starting the analysis. 2. Investigate The ProductAfter familiarizing yourself with the company's business model, it's time to learn more about the product. When examining the product, it's important to pay attention to the following aspects:Product differentiation: Analyze how the client's product differs from those of competitors. Explore not only the product's features but also its production processes and methods.Unique Selling Proposition (USP): Identify the unique selling point of the product. What makes it unique and attractive to potential customers?Alternatives and substitutes: Consider alternative or substitute products in the market as well. How do they compare to the client's product?Product lifecycle: Determine the stage of the product lifecycle. This can influence the pricing and marketing strategy.Predictability of supply and demand: Examine whether supply and demand for the product are predictable. This can help assess risks in pricing and take appropriate measures.Once you've thoroughly assessed these aspects, you'll have a clearer understanding of the product and its positioning in the market, which will inform your pricing strategy recommendations. 3. Choose a Pricing StrategyThe choice of strategy depends on the information gathered in the first two steps. There are three important pricing strategies:Competitor-Based PricingWith this strategy, also known as 'benchmarking', the price is determined based on the prices set by our competitors. So, you want to find out:Are there comparable products/services?If yes, how do they compare to the client's product?What are their prices? Important: Keep in mind that competitors are likely to adjust their prices once the client introduces their product.Cost-Based PricingWith cost-based pricing, the price of a product or service is set based on the accumulated item costs (break-even) plus a reasonable profit margin. This strategy varies by industry due to different cost structures and margins. Therefore, it's important to understand the specific customer costs before setting a price (taking into account fixed and variable costs).Although cost-based pricing offers a simple and transparent method, it does not consider the perceived value of the product or service to customers and may be less effective in certain markets. To determine customer willingness to pay, it's important to consider this and possibly break down the price into different components, such as a separate price for the product and delivery costs.Value-Based PricingValue-based pricing is a strategic approach based on assessing the customer's perception of the product or the amount customers are willing to pay. Different customer segments may have different willingness to pay. This means that companies can set different prices for different customer segments by adjusting the perceived value to justify price changes.A good example of this is the iPhone, a highly differentiated product for which customers are often willing to pay significantly more than the pure costs plus a "typical" margin. This illustrates how customers are inclined to accept a higher price for products they perceive as particularly valuable or differentiated. Key TakeawaysFrom what we've learned previously, we can now extract the following insights as key takeaways:There are three key pricing strategies: Competitor-based pricing, cost-based pricing, and value-based pricing. Cost-based pricing alone is sometimes considered insufficient.Understand the primary objective of the company (profit, market share, growth, brand positioning) as the basis for the pricing strategy.Know the business model, products/services, and market position of the company and consider it in your strategic approach.Understand the customers' willingness to pay and needs, and adjust the pricing strategy to customer preferences and market conditions.

Merger and acquisition (M&A) cases are fairly common in consulting case interviews, especially for candidates targeting consulting firms with a focus on strategy, corporate finance, or mergers and acquisitions. While they may not make up the majority of cases, they are frequently included to assess your ability to think strategically, analyze financial data, and understand the implications of complex business decisions. 💡M&A cases are particularly relevant for consulting roles that involve advising clients on growth strategies, restructuring, or corporate development. Overall, while not every case interview will feature an M&A scenario,we recommend you to be prepared to tackle them effectively as part of your case interview preparation. What Are M&A Cases?In an M&A case, you assess whether a merger, acquisition, or divestiture makes strategic sense for a company. This involves analyzing market conditions, financials, competition, and synergies to provide a well-founded recommendation. Success in M&A cases requires a solid grasp of business strategy, financial analysis, and industry trends, along with strong communication and problem-solving skills.Growth strategy cases often lead to M&A considerations. Companies with excess capital may seek acquisitions to expand—whether through vertical integration (suppliers or distributors), horizontal integration (competitors), or diversification. The key factors for a successful M&A deal are value creation and cultural fit.A typical M&A case prompt:"Your client, a mid-sized retail chain, is considering acquiring a smaller competitor to expand market reach and increase profitability. Analyze the strategic rationale, financial implications, and provide a recommendation. What factors would you consider?" How Can You Approach an M&A Case – Key Areas to AnalyzeFirst of all, there is no standard approach or pre-thought out framework you can use for all M&A cases (or cases in general). It is absolutely crucial that you understand the unique situation of your client and develop a customized solution for the task you were assigned.To help you with your preparation, we have summarized key areas to analyze in an M&A case. However, it is very unlikely that you will be asked to cover all of them. It is simply too much for a 30-40 minute case interview, so usually the interviewer will put the focus on one or two aspects of the analysis and guide you to dive deeper.It is also possible that your M&A case does not resolve the question if a deal should be aimed for or not, but rather focuses on issues in the post merger integration process. Therefore, it is absolutely crucial that you listen carefully during the case prompt, reassure yourself that you understand the problem and objective of the client correctly and adjust your approach accordingly. 1. Understand Your Client’s CompanyBefore you dive into your M&A analysis, you must understand your client’s company first. In which industry does the client operate? What is the product or service they offer? What are key customer segments and how is the company structured? Does the client possess other businesses that may offer potential for synergies for an M&A deal?If you have truly understood your client’s business model, it will come much easier to you to develop a structure for your M&A analysis. Already the question of if you are advising a manufacturer or a service provider, will help you to come up with solid hypotheses on the objectives of the deal. For a service company, access to talent may be an obvious goal for the acquisition while a manufacturer may be more interested in creating cost synergies through vertical integration. But be careful and don’t jump to these kinds of conclusions too easily. You must understand the individual situation of your client in order to give valuable individual advice. 2. Understand the Objectives of the M&A DealBegin by clarifying the objectives of the M&A deal. Analogous to making a purchase at a grocery store, M&A can generally be viewed as a "buying decision". We know that a consumer first determines the "need" to buy a product. There are various objectives that a company may have for pursuing an M&A deal and understanding the strategic rationale behind the acquisition is crucial. Let’s take a look at potential reasons for M&A deals:Strategic acquisitions generally aim at improving the market position and realizing growth opportunities. Entering new geographic markets or industries, diversifying into new product lines, or reaching new customer segments are common ways to broaden market reach and strengthen the market position.Defensive acquisitions, also known as "defensive mergers" or "defensive takeovers," refer to strategic actions taken by a company to proactively protect itself against potential threats or risks. These acquisitions are typically pursued to secure the company's competitive position and reduce specific vulnerabilities. An example for a defensive acquisition would be purchasing or merging with competitors in the industry to consolidate market share and increase barriers to entry. By eliminating rivals or reducing competitive pressures, the acquiring company can protect its market dominance and pricing power.Synergies and value creation are a common reason for M&A deals as well. Combining operations, reducing duplicative functions, and streamlining processes can lead to cost savings and operational efficiencies. This also includes integrating suppliers or distributors into the value chain to improve supply chain efficiency, benefit from economies of scale, and capture additional margins. Additional value may also arise when strong brands are merged and brand relevance in the market is increased.Whilst most mergers and acquisitions are evaluated with mid- to long-term objectives, opportunity-driven M&A deals are also an option. If a company is undervalued due to ineffective management or an unfavorable market, it may become an attractive acquisition target for a buyer with the power to bring it back to its potential value.It becomes clear that the reasons for M&A deals are diverse and it is impossible to list them all. So, when identifying the objectives of your client, start at a high level, dig deeper when you receive the feedback from your interviewer that you are on the right track and communicate your hypothesis and logical thinking very clearly.💡 Prep Tip: When you apply for an M&A consultancy, it is very likely that you will receive an M&A case. As these cases are not as standardized as for example market sizing cases or profitability cases, developing a very good business acumen is even more important. M&A deals are reported regularly in business news, so following these, will help you to develop a better understanding for the reasons behind M&A deals and the challenges that follow. 3. Analyze the Target IndustryOnce it's clear why the client is interested in acquiring a particular company, start by looking at the industry the client wants to buy. This analysis is crucial since the outlook of the industry might overshadow the target's ability to play in it. For instance, small/unprofitable targets in a growing market can be attractive in the same way as great targets can be unattractive in a dying market.Potential questions to assess are:How big is the market?What are the market’s growth figures?Can the market be segmented, and does the target only play in one of the segments of the market?What is the focus? Is it a high volume/low margin or a low volume/high margin market?Are there barriers to entry?Who are the key competitors in the market?How profitable are the competitors?What are possible threats?Porter's Five Forces can be a good starting point for a structured market analysis, but don’t use this framework as it is (and absolutely never mention its name in the interview; just think of what would happen if a company paid McKinsey for a market analysis and the $4,000 daily rate consultant came back with Porter’s Five Forces). Understand the framework as a helpful tool and adjust it to the individual scenario and market conditions your client is facing. 4. Analyze the Target CompanyAfter analyzing the target industry, understand the target company. Try to determine its strengths and weaknesses (see SWOT analysis) and perform a financial valuation to determine the attractiveness of the potential target. You are technically calculating the NPV of the company, but this calculation is most likely not going to be asked for in the case interview. However, having the knowledge of when it is used (e.g., financial valuation) is crucial. The following information can be analyzed to determine the target attractiveness:The company’s market shareThe company’s growth figures as compared to that of competitorsThe company’s profitability as compared to that of competitorsHow can current businesses from the client leverage revenues and profitability from the business to be acquired (keyword synergies)?Does the company possess any relevant patents or other useful intangibles?Which parts of the company to be acquired can benefit from synergies?The company’s key customersValuationHow much is the target company asking for its purchase price & is it fair (see cost-benefit analysis)?Can the acquiring company afford to pay the valuation?Financial valuation will generally include industry & company analysis. 5. Analyze the Feasibility of the M&AFinally, make sure to investigate the feasibility of the acquisition. Take a look at the challenges and risks associated with the deal and get a clearer picture of the concrete conditions for a potential acquisition or merger.Important questions here are:Is the target open for an acquisition or merger in the first place? If not, can the competition acquire it?Are there enough funds available (have a look at the balance sheet or cash flow statement)? Is there a chance of raising funds in the case of insufficient funds through loans etc.?Is the client experienced in the integration of acquired companies? Could a merger pose organizational/management problems for the client?Are there other risks associated with a merger? (For example, think of political implications and risks of failure, like with the failed merger of Daimler and Chrysler.) 6. Give a RecommendationAt the end of your analysis, give your client a solid recommendation of what to do. Start with your answer first: Should the client acquire the target company or not? Should a merger be pursued or not? Then go on with the reasons behind and structure your recommendation logically. In most cases, three arguments to support your recommendation will be a good number. Prioritize them and communicate them on point.But note: Even though you want to give a clear recommendation at the end of your case, answers to M&A questions are usually more complex than a simple “yes” or “no”. If you want to shine in your interview, demonstrate that you are aware of the risks and challenges the decision of your client may entail. Mention them shortly and give an outlook on further analysis you would conduct to confirm your recommendation.